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<html lang="zh"><head><title>JWT 鉴权</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&family=Noto Serif Simplified Chinese:wght@400;700&family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&display=swap"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="JWT 鉴权"/><meta property="og:description" content="JWT 鉴权."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="JWT 鉴权."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link href="../../../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.9/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch("../../../../static/contentIndex.json").then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Technology/ComputerSecurity/用户安全/用户鉴权/JWT（JSON-Web-Token）鉴权"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h2 class="page-title"><a href="../../../..">🪴 X·Eden</a></h2><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search"><button class="search-button" id="search-button"><p>搜索</p><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title>Search</title><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></button><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="搜索些什么" placeholder="搜索些什么"/><div id="search-layout" data-preview="true"></div></div></div></div><button class="darkmode" id="darkmode"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35" xml:space="preserve" aria-label="暗色模式"><title>暗色模式</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439C28.289,26.168,27.914,26,27.5,26c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06l2,2 C28.711,30.832,29.086,31,29.5,31c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061L28.561,26.439z M17.5,29 c-0.829,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5v3c0,0.828,0.671,1.5,1.5,1.5s1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5v-3C19,29.672,18.329,29,17.5,29z M17.5,7 C11.71,7,7,11.71,7,17.5S11.71,28,17.5,28S28,23.29,28,17.5S23.29,7,17.5,7z M17.5,25c-4.136,0-7.5-3.364-7.5-7.5 c0-4.136,3.364-7.5,7.5-7.5c4.136,0,7.5,3.364,7.5,7.5C25,21.636,21.636,25,17.5,25z"></path></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="nightIcon"
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<p>通过第三节，我们知道了 Token 的使用方式以及组成，我们不难发现，服务端验证客户端发送过来的 Token 时，还需要查询数据库获取用户基本信息，然后验证 Token 是否有效；这样每次请求验证都要查询数据库，增加了查库带来的延迟等性能消耗。</p>
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<p><strong>那么这时候业界常用的 JWT 就应运而生了！！！</strong></p>
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<h3 id="jwt-的定义">JWT 的定义<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#jwt-的定义" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>JWT 是 Auth0 提出的通过对 JSON 进行加密签名来实现授权验证的方案。</p>
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<p>就是登录成功后将相关用户信息组成 JSON 对象，然后对这个对象进行某种方式的加密，返回给客户端； 客户端在下次请求时带上这个 Token； 服务端再收到请求时校验 token 合法性，其实也就是在校验请求的合法性。</p>
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<h3 id="jwt-的组成">JWT 的组成<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#jwt-的组成" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>JWT 由三部分组成：<strong>Header 头部</strong>、<strong>Payload 负载</strong>和 <strong>Signature 签名</strong>。它是一个很长的字符串，中间用（ . ）分隔成三个部分。</p>
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<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="text" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="text" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span>eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.SflKxwRJSMeKKF2QT4fwpMeJf36POk6yJV_adQssw5c</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<h4 id="header-头部">Header 头部<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#header-头部" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<p>在 Header 中通常包含了两部分：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>typ：代表 Token 的类型，这里使用的是 JWT 类型。</li>
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<li>alg：使用的 Hash 算法，例如 HMAC SHA256 或 RSA。</li>
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</ul>
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<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="json" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="json" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">{</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> "alg"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">"HS256"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">,</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> "typ"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">"JWT"</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<h4 id="payload-负载">Payload 负载<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#payload-负载" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<p>它包含一些声明 Claim（实体的描述，通常是一个 User 信息，还包括一些其他的元数据），用来存放实际需要传递的数据，JWT 规定了 7 个官方字段：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>iss（issuer）：签发人</li>
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<li>exp（expiration time）：过期时间</li>
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<li>sub（subject）：主题</li>
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<li>aud（audience）：受众</li>
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<li>nbf（Not Before）：生效时间</li>
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<li>iat（Issued At）：签发时间</li>
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<li>jti（JWT ID）：编号</li>
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</ul>
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<p>除了官方字段，你还可以在这个部分定义私有字段，下面就是一个例子。</p>
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<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="json" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="json" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">{</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> "sub"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">"1234567890"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">,</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> "name"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">"John Doe"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">,</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> "admin"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">true</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<h4 id="signature-签名">Signature 签名<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#signature-签名" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<p>Signature 部分是对前两部分的签名，防止数据篡改。</p>
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<p>首先，需要指定一个密钥（secret）。这个密钥只有服务器才知道，不能泄露给用户。然后，使用 Header 里面指定的签名算法（默认是 HMAC SHA256），按照下面的公式产生签名。</p>
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<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="java" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="java" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">HMACSHA256</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> base64UrlEncode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(header) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> "."</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> +</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> base64UrlEncode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(payload),</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> secret)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<h3 id="jwt-的使用方式">JWT 的使用方式<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#jwt-的使用方式" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>客户端收到服务器返回的 JWT，可以储存在 Cookie 里面，也可以储存在 localStorage。</p>
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<p>此后，客户端每次与服务器通信，都要带上这个 JWT。你可以把它放在 Cookie 里面自动发送，但是这样不能跨域，所以更好的做法是放在 HTTP 请求的头信息 Authorization 字段里面。</p>
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<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="http" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="http" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> Authorization: Bearer <token></span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<h3 id="jwt-的认证流程图">JWT 的认证流程图<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#jwt-的认证流程图" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/08/30/d6666d37094db.png" alt="JWT 的认证流程图"/></p>
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<h3 id="jwt-的优点">JWT 的优点<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#jwt-的优点" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li>不需要在服务端保存会话信息（RESTful API 的原则之一就是无状态），所以易于应用的扩展，即信息不保存在服务端，不会存在 Session 扩展不方便的情况。</li>
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<li>JWT 中的 Payload 负载可以存储常用信息，用于信息交换，有效地使用 JWT，可以降低服务端查询数据库的次数。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="jwt-的缺点">JWT 的缺点<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#jwt-的缺点" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>加密问题：</strong> JWT 默认是不加密，但也是可以加密的；生成原始 Token 以后，可以用密钥再加密一次。</li>
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<li><strong>到期问题：</strong> 由于服务器不保存 Session 状态，因此无法在使用过程中废止某个 Token，或者更改 Token 的权限。一旦 JWT 签发了，在到期之前就会始终有效，除非服务器部署额外的逻辑。</li>
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</ul></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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